English (US)

Acerca del riesgo de ITS y el sexo oral

Puntos clave

  • Muchas infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) se propagan a través del sexo oral.
  • Usar un condón, un dique dental u otros métodos de barrera cada vez que tenga sexo oral puede reducir el riesgo de transmitir o contraer una ITS.
  • Hay entre poco y nada de riesgo de contraer o transmitir el VIH a través del sexo oral.
Imagen abstracta de una boca y microbios patógenos

Lo que es

¿Qué es el sexo oral?

El sexo oral implica usar la boca para estimular los genitales o el área genital de una pareja sexual. Los tipos de sexo oral incluyen el pene (felación), la vagina (cunilingus) y el ano (anilingus).

El sexo oral es una práctica común entre los adultos sexualmente activos. Más del 85 % de los adultos sexualmente activos, de 18 a 44 años, han reportado haber tenido sexo oral al menos una vez con una pareja del sexo opuesto. En una encuesta separada, que se realizó entre el 2011 y el 2015, se halló que el 41 % de los adolescentes de 15 a 19 años reportaron haber tenido sexo oral con una pareja del sexo opuesto.

Signos y síntomas

¿Qué puede aumentar las probabilidades de transmitir o contraer una ITS a través del sexo oral?

Ciertos factores pueden aumentar las probabilidades de que una persona contraiga el VIH u otras ITS durante el sexo oral si se expone a una pareja infectada. Factores como:

  • Mala salud oral, lo cual puede incluir caries, enfermedad o sangrado de las encías y cáncer oral.
  • Llagas en la boca o en los genitales.
  • Exposición al líquido preseminal (o preeyaculatorio) o al semen.

Sin embargo, no hay estudios científicos que demuestren si estos factores aumentan el riesgo de contraer el VIH o ITS a través del sexo oral.

Riesgos de la exposición

¿Cuáles ITS se pueden transmitir a través del sexo oral?

  • Infección por clamidia (Chlamydia trachomatis)
  • Gonorrea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
  • Sífilis (Treponema pallidum)
  • Herpes (virus del herpes simple de tipo 1 y 2)
  • VPH (virus del papiloma humano)
  • VIH (virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana)

Cómo se propaga

¿Pueden propagarse las ITS durante el sexo oral?

Sí. Muchas ITS y otras infecciones se propagan a través del sexo oral. Toda persona que se exponga a una pareja infectada puede contraer una ITS en la boca, la garganta, los genitales o el recto. El riesgo de contraer o propagar una ITS a otras personas a través del sexo oral depende de varias cosas, incluida la ITS en particular, el tipo de sexo y la cantidad de actos sexuales realizados.

En general:

  • Es posible contraer algunas ITS en la boca o la garganta después de practicarle sexo oral a una pareja que tenga una ITS genital o anal (rectal).
  • Es posible contraer algunas ITS en los genitales y áreas genitales tras recibir sexo oral de una pareja que tenga una infección en la boca o en la garganta.
  • Es posible tener una ITS en más de una zona a la vez. Por ejemplo, se puede tener una ITS en la garganta y en los genitales.
  • Varias ITS (p. ej., sífilis, gonorrea e infecciones intestinales) que se transmiten a través del sexo oral pueden propagarse en el cuerpo.
  • A través del sexo oral que involucra el ano (o anilingus) se puede transmitir hepatitis A y B. También se pueden transmitir parásitos intestinales como Giardia y bacterias como E. coli y Shigella.
  • Si usted tiene una ITS, podría no saberlo ya que muchas de estas infecciones son asintomáticas. Es posible propagar las ITS incluso cuando no se tiene ningún signo o síntoma.

Cómo reducir el riesgo

¿Es más seguro el sexo oral que el sexo vaginal o anal?

  • Es difícil comparar los riesgos de contraer ITS específicas a partir de tipos específicos de actividad sexual.
  • La mayoría de las personas que tienen sexo oral también tienen sexo vaginal o anal.
  • Pocos estudios analizan los riesgos de contraer ITS, más allá del VIH, por la práctica de sexo oral en la vagina o en el ano, en comparación con el pene.
  • Los estudios muestran que el riesgo de contraer el VIH a través del sexo oral (dar o recibir) con una pareja que tiene la infección es mucho menor que el riesgo de contraer el VIH a través del sexo anal o vaginal. Quizás este no sea el caso para otras ITS.
  • En un estudio de hombres gais con sífilis, 1 de cada 5 informó tener solo sexo oral.
  • El riesgo de contraer el VIH a través del sexo oral podría ser extremadamente bajo, pero es difícil saberlo con exactitud. Si usted tiene sexo oral, debería protegerse.
  • Es posible que contraer ciertas ITS en la garganta, como la infección por clamidia o la gonorrea, no sea tan dañino como contraer una ITS en el área genital o el recto. Tener estas infecciones en la garganta podría aumentar el riesgo de contraer el VIH. Tener gonorrea en la garganta podría también provocar la propagación de la enfermedad por todo el cuerpo. Además:
  • Tener infecciones de clamidia y gonorrea en la garganta podría hacer que sea más fácil propagarlas a otras personas a través del sexo oral. Esto es especialmente importante en el caso de la gonorrea, ya que las infecciones de garganta pueden ser más difíciles de tratar.
  • Ciertas ITS, como la sífilis y la infección por el VIH, se propagan por todo el cuerpo. Por este motivo, las infecciones que se contraen en la garganta podrían provocar los mismos problemas de salud que las infecciones que se contraen en los genitales o el recto.
  • Las infecciones por ciertos tipos de VPH en la boca y la garganta podrían transformarse en un cáncer oral o de cuello.

¿Qué puede hacer para prevenir la transmisión de ITS durante el sexo oral?

Usted puede reducir las probabilidades de contraer o transmitir ITS durante el sexo oral. Use un condón, dique dental u otros métodos de barrera cada vez que tenga sexo oral.

  • Para el sexo oral en el pene:
    • Cubra el pene con un condón de látex que no esté lubricado.
    • Si usted o su pareja son alérgicos al látex, use condones de plástico (poliuretano).
  • Para el sexo oral en la vagina o en el ano:
    • Use un dique dental.
    • Corte un condón para formar un cuadrado y póngalo entre su boca y la vagina o el ano de su pareja.

La única manera de evitar las ETS es no tener sexo vaginal, anal ni oral.

Si usted tiene sexo, puede hacer lo siguiente para reducir las probabilidades de contraer una ETS:

  • Estar en una relación mutuamente monógama a largo plazo con una pareja que no tenga una ETS (p. ej., una pareja con resultados negativos en las pruebas de ETS).
  • Usar un condón de látex de forma correcta cada vez que tenga sexo.

Es importante recordar que es posible que muchas personas con una TS no sepan que están infectadas. Las ETS frecuentemente no producen síntomas y no son detectadas.

Pruebas

Si tiene sexo, pídale a su proveedor de atención médica que le haga pruebas de detección de ETS y VIH con regularidad. Hable abiertamente con su proveedor de atención médica sobre las actividades que podrían ponerlo en riesgo de presentar una ETS, incluido el sexo oral. También debería hablar con su pareja o parejas sobre las ETS. Hay opciones gratuitas y de bajo costo para hacerse pruebas de detección disponibles en su área.

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Fuente del contenido:
National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and Tuberculosis Prevention; About Division of STD Prevention
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