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Risk Prediction Score for Chronic Kidney Disease in Healthy Adults and Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW — Volume 20 — April 5, 2023
PEER REVIEWED
Figure 1.In the identification of studies via databases and registers, records were identified from Cochrane Library (n = 67), Medline/PubMed (n = 550), Embase (n = 160), LILACS (n = 429), CINAHL (n = 74), PsycInfo (n = 54), Trip Database (n = 371), Epistemonikos (n = 14), and Health Evidence (n = 34). Twenty-nine duplicate records were removed before screening. In the screening process, the remaining 1,724 records were screened and 1,691 were excluded. Reports were sought for retrieval for the remaining 33 records; 2 reports were not retrieved. Of the 31 remaining, reports were excluded for being prediction models for advanced chronic kidney disease (n = 6), showing prevalence of CKD and comparison of equations to eGFR (n = 3), being machine learning (n = 3), having insufficient data for analysis (n = 3), being for external validation (n = 1), and with sample out of target (n = 1). This left 14 studies to be included in the review. Studies identified via other methods were from manual searching (n = 9), citation searching (n = 596), and gray literature (n = 1). There were 445 reports excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria. In this screening process, 161 reports were sought for retrieval; reports were excluded for being duplicate reports (n = 87), being published before 2010 (n = 27), being progression CKD to ESRD (n = 22), predicting renal impairment (n = 1), predicting risk of dialysis and transplant (n = 2), predicting CVD (n = 1), clinical practice guideline (n = 3), CKD in HIV infection (n = 1), and being external validations (n = 4). Of the 161 reports sought for retrieval, 13 were assessed for eligibility. Of the 13 studies, 6 were excluded, leaving 7 studies for review. These 7 studies, combined with the 14 studies from databases and registers, were the total studies for review. Studies of healthy adults totaled 13, studies of people with type 2 diabetes totaled 7, and 1 study looked at both populations.
Figure 2.
Methodologic quality summary and graph for analysis of studies of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in healthy adults and adults living with type 2 diabetes.
| Study | Risk of bias | Applicability concerns | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient selection | Index text | Reference standard | Flow and timing | Patient selection | Index text | Reference standard | |
| Al-Shamsi 2019 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Blech 2011 | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Chien 2010 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Dunkler 2015 | High | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Halbesma 2011 | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Hao 2017 | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Unclear |
| Hippisley-Cox 2010 | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Low |
| Jardine 2012 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Kwon 2012 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Lee 2019 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Low 2017 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Nelson 2019 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| O’Seaghdha 2012 | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Unclear |
| Raña-Custodio (unpublished data) | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Saranburut 2017 | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Thakkinstian 2011 | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Umesawa 2018 | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Wen 2020 | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Wu 2017 | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Wysham 2020 | Low | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | Low |
| Yu 2021 | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
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