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Implementing a Quality Improvement Collaborative to Improve Hypertension Control and Advance Million Hearts Among Low-Income Californians, 2014–2015
RESEARCH BRIEF — Volume 14 — July 27, 2017
Desiree R. Backman, DrPH, MS, RD1,2; Neal D. Kohatsu, MD, MPH1; Zhiwei Yu, MPH1,2; Rachel E. Abbott1,2; Kenneth W. Kizer, MD, MPH2 (View author affiliations)
Suggested citation for this article: Backman DR, Kohatsu ND, Yu Z, Abbott RE, Kizer KW. Implementing a Quality Improvement Collaborative to Improve Hypertension Control and Advance Million Hearts Among Low-Income Californians, 2014–2015. Prev Chronic Dis 2017;14:160587. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd14.160587.
PEER REVIEWED
Abstract
From January through December 2015, the California Department of Health Care Services, which administers Medi-Cal, the nation’s largest Medicaid program, conducted a quality improvement collaborative (QIC) with 9 Medi-Cal managed care plans (MCPs) aimed at improving hypertension control consistent with the Million Hearts initiative. The QIC included quarterly webinars and links to local, state, and national resources that consisted of materials and consultations with subject matter experts. Participating MCPs demonstrated an average increase of 5.0 percentage points in their rates of controlled hypertension. Collaboratives can achieve substantial quality improvement in Medicaid managed care plans.
Objective
Hypertension is a major risk factor for deaths related to coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. Approximately one-third of adults in the United States have hypertension, but only about half (52%) have their hypertension under control (1). Million Hearts is a national initiative to prevent 1 million heart attacks and strokes by 2017 through strategies such as achieving blood pressure control among 70% of those who have hypertension (2).
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a quality improvement collaborative (QIC) on hypertension control rates among 9 managed care plans (MCPs) whose performance at baseline was below the Million Hearts target.
Methods
Approximately 14 million Californians are enrolled in Medi-Cal (3), which is administered by the California Department of Health Care Services (DHCS). Enrollees eligible for full-scope benefits (nearly 11 million) receive health care provided by a network of 23 MCPs (4). Ten MCPs, 9 of which performed below the Million Hearts target of 70% controlled high blood pressure, volunteered to participate in the QIC. The plan performing above the target was excluded from analysis.
In 2015, 407,911 Medi-Cal members enrolled in a MCP had been diagnosed with hypertension. More than 60% (246,206) of those with hypertension were enrolled in 1 of 9 MCPs that participated in the QIC (5). Of the 23 MCPs, the analysis was limited to QIC-participating and nonparticipating plans with continuous Controlling High Blood Pressure (CBP) data since 2009 (n = 19).
From January through December 2015, DHCS held quarterly, 1.5-hour webinars with MCPs in which local, state, and national leaders presented hypertension control best practices and provided evidence-based tools and resources (6,7). For example, the MCPs were exposed to an effective quality improvement program, the Right Care Initiative (8). Subject matter experts within DHCS also were available for consultation. The MCPs shared successes and challenges in controlling hypertension. MCPs also had access to a webpage providing useful resources. After each webinar, DHCS sent MCPs a survey to garner immediate feedback that was used to design and tailor subsequent webinars.
DHCS measures the effectiveness of its MCPs, in part, through the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) (9). An external quality review organization collects and uses administrative and medical record data to calculate HEDIS rates for each MCP annually (10). The HEDIS CBP measure is defined as the percentage of members aged 18 to 85 years who had a diagnosis of hypertension and whose blood pressure was adequately controlled during the measurement year. The measure’s threshold for hypertension control in adults varies by age and diabetes status, ranging from less than 140/90 mm Hg to less than 150/90 mm Hg (11).
SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc) was used to conduct an analysis of CBP rates, by MCP. The CBP rates were weighted on the basis of each plan’s number of enrollees. We used the χ2 test to examine changes in performance (ie, percentage point difference) between calendar year 2014 and 2015. Significance was set at P < .05.
Results
Since 2009, all QIC-participating MCPs had a downward trend in CBP rates. For that reason, managed care staff at DHCS strongly encouraged low-performing MCPs to participate in the QIC. In 2014, the CBP weighted average for all plans was 61.2%, and the average CBP rate among the 9 participating MCPs was 56.3% (range, 43.1%–69.3%).
During the QIC intervention year (2015), CBP rates improved significantly in 7 of 9 (78%) participating MCPs. The largest improvement was 14.6 percentage points, representing a 33.9% improvement in hypertension control (Table). The mean CBP rate improvement was 5.0 percentage points.
Ten MCPs did not participate in the QIC. CBP rates declined in 6 of the 10 nonparticipating MCPs from 2009 to 2014. Four were trending upward since 2009, although 1 of the 4 plateaued in 2011. In 2014, the average CBP rate among nonparticipating MCPs was 64.8%. In 2015, their average rate decreased by 5.7 percentage points to 59.1%. In addition, during the study period, CBP rates decreased in 9 of the 10 nonparticipating MCPs.
Discussion
Participation in the QIC was associated with improved hypertension control; 7 of 9 MCPs demonstrated improved control in the intervention period compared with baseline. This improvement was notable because all plans had a multiyear history of declining hypertension control rates before the intervention. In addition, among nonparticipating plans, 9 of 10 showed decreasing hypertension control rates during the study period. These findings show that there was not a general, secular trend of hypertension control improvement among MCPs.
Several factors may explain the positive association. First, there were high participation rates for each of the quarterly 1.5-hour webinars. Second, there was broad involvement of MCP staff and the active engagement of DHCS quality consultants. Third, there was ongoing sharing among MCP peers of best practices and barriers.
This study has several limitations. The preintervention/postintervention design limits attribution of causality. In addition, the 9 MCPs that were studied volunteered to participate in the QIC and may have been motivated because of historical declines in hypertension control. Also, the intervention period was only 1 year, so long-term effects could not be assessed.
Nevertheless, hypertension control trends among both participating and nonparticipating MCPs were generally downward, suggesting that the QIC helped to improve outcomes at a system (ie, MCP) level. The results suggest that learning collaboratives can advance health care quality metrics with a moderate investment of resources. The shared learning may have contributed to the improved outcomes compared with the preceding period when plans were attempting improvement solely at an individual health-plan level.
DHCS has established mandatory learning collaboratives in the area of hypertension control, as well as in others. More research about such shared learning is needed to examine long-term effects, overcome potential cultural resistance, and develop sustainable business models.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to staff in the DHCS Managed Care Quality and Monitoring Division and Office of the Medical Director for their assistance with the QIP. Gratitude is also extended to staff at the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services for helping us advance the Million Hearts initiative in Medi-Cal. Staff members who conducted this study were supported by the State of California and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.
Author Information
Corresponding Author: Desiree R. Backman, DrPH, MS, RD, California Department of Health Care Services, PO Box 997413, MS 0000, Sacramento, CA 95899-7414. Telephone: 916-440-7628. Email: Desiree.Backman@dhcs.ca.gov.
Author Affiliations: 1California Department of Health Care Services, Sacramento, California. 2University of California, Davis, Institute for Population Health Improvement, Davis, California.
References
- High blood pressure fact sheet. Atlanta (GA): US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_bloodpressure.htm. Accessed October 28, 2016.
- Million Hearts Targets. Atlanta (GA): US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Million Hearts. http://millionhearts.hhs.gov/about-million-hearts/targets.html. Accessed October 28, 2016.
- Medi-Cal monthly enrollment fast facts. Sacramento (CA): Research and Analytic Studies Division, California Department of Health Care Services; May 2016. http://www.dhcs.ca.gov/dataandstats/statistics/Documents/Fast_Facts_May_2016.pdf. Accessed December 7, 2016.
- Quality strategy. Sacramento (CA): Medi-Cal Managed Care, California Department of Health Care Services; November 2015. http://www.dhcs.ca.gov/dataandstats/reports/Documents/MMCD_Qual_Rpts/Studies_Quality_Strategy/MgdCareQualityStrategy2016.pdf. Accessed December 7, 2016.
- 2016 California DHCS MCP internal rate sheet. Sacramento (CA): California Department of Health Care Services; 2016.
- Jaffe MG, Lee GA, Young JD, Sidney S, Go AS. Improved blood pressure control associated with a large-scale hypertension program. JAMA 2013;310(7):699–705. CrossRef PubMed
- Tools and protocols. Resources to help educate, motivate, and monitor your patients. Atlanta (GA); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://millionhearts.hhs.gov/tools-protocols/index.html. Accessed February 27, 2017.
- Right Care Initiative. Berkeley (CA): Right Care Initiative. https://rightcare.berkeley.edu. Accessed October 28, 2016.
- HEDIS & Performance Measurement. Washington (DC): National Committee for Quality Assurance. http://www.ncqa.org/HEDISQualityMeasurement.aspx. Accessed October 28, 2016.
- 2015 HEDIS Aggregate Report for Medi-Cal Managed Care. Sacramento (CA): Managed Care Quality and Monitoring Division, California Department of Health Care Services; January 2016 (Revised March 2016). http://www.dhcs.ca.gov/dataandstats/reports/Documents/MMCD_Qual_Rpts/HEDIS_Reports/CA2015_HEDIS.pdf. Accessed December 12, 2016.
- Quality rating system measure technical specifications. Baltimore (MD): Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Health Insurance Marketplace; 2015.
Table
Table. Controlled High Blood Pressure Rates for Medi-Cal Managed Care Plans, Comparison of Calendar Year 2014 and 2015, HEDIS
| Medi-Cal Managed Care Plan Name | Calendar Year 2014 | Calendar Year 2015 | Percentage Point Differenceb | Percentage Change % |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eligible Population | CBP Rate,a % | Eligible Population | CBP Rate,a % | |||
| Alameda Alliance for Health | 17,072 | 43.1 | 13,963 | 57.7 | 14.6 | 33.9 |
| Anthem Blue Cross Partnership Plan | 13,956 | 48.3 | 29,941 | 54.6 | 6.3 | 13.0 |
| CalOptima | 22,881 | 69.3 | 29,802 | 72.5 | 3.2 | 4.6 |
| Care1st Partner Plan | 2,913 | 59.4 | 3,796 | 54.0 | −5.4 | −9.1 |
| Health Net Community Solutions, Inc | 34,958 | 61.9 | 40,917 | 59.4 | −2.5 | −4.0 |
| Health Plan of San Mateo | 7,333 | 61.8 | 9,054 | 68.9 | 7.1 | 11.5 |
| LA Care Health Plan | 53,672 | 66.8 | 82,695 | 68.3 | 1.5 | 2.2 |
| Molina Healthcare of California | 12,147 | 44.5 | 17,829 | 53.3 | 8.8 | 19.8 |
| Partnership Health Plan of California | 16,461 | 52.1 | 18,209 | 63.3 | 11.2 | 21.5 |
Abbreviations: CBP, controlled blood pressure; HEDIS, Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set.
a The CBP rates were weighted on the basis of the size of each plan’s eligible population.
b All significant at P < .05; P values determined by using χ2 test.
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