Volume 11 — December 31, 2014
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Sodium, Saturated Fat, and Trans Fat Content Per 1,000 Kilocalories: Temporal Trends in Fast-Food Restaurants, United States, 2000–2013
Chain/Year | Large French Fries | Cheeseburger | Grilled Chicken Sandwich | |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 oz | 4 oz | |||
Sodium, mg/1,000 kcal | ||||
Chain A | ||||
2000 | 648 | 2,594 | 2,472 | 2,156 |
2001 | 648 | 2,515 | 2,472 | 2,156 |
2002 | 648 | 2,515 | 2,472 | 2,156 |
2003 | 648 | 2,424 | 2,358 | 2,225 |
2004 | 654 | 2,394 | 2,296 | 2,550 |
2005 | 635 | 2,387 | 2,255 | 2,952 |
2006 | 579 | 2,387 | 2,255 | 2,952 |
2007 | 579 | 2,500 | 2,333 | 2,833 |
2008 | 700 | 2,500 | 2,333 | 2,833 |
2009 | 700 | 2,500 | 2,333 | 2,833 |
2010 | 700 | 2,500 | 2,333 | 2,833 |
2011 | 700 | 2,500 | 2,333 | 2,343 |
2012 | 700 | 2,267 | 2,115 | 2,343 |
2013 | 700 | 2,267 | 2,115 | 2,343 |
β | 5.5 | −12.3 | −20.8 | 25.0 |
P Value | .05 | .05 | .001 | .26 |
Chain B | ||||
2000 | 2,000 | 2,111 | 1,816 | 2,000 |
2001 | 1,880 | 2,027 | 1,782 | 2,018 |
2002 | 1,760 | 2,194 | 1,682 | 2,362 |
2003 | 1,760 | 2,194 | 1,775 | 2,362 |
2004 | 1,760 | 2,200 | 1,813 | 2,474 |
2005 | 1,760 | 2,200 | 1,813 | 2,472 |
2006 | 1,640 | 2,364 | 1,908 | 2,314 |
2007 | 1,640 | 2,364 | 1,908 | 2,314 |
2008 | 1,640 | 2,294 | 1,883 | 2,551 |
2009 | 1,707 | 2,265 | 1,883 | 2,490 |
2010 | 1,537 | 2,387 | 1,883 | 2,490 |
2011 | 1,537 | 2,367 | 1,855 | 2,340 |
2012 | 1,420 | 2,464 | 1,855 | 2,830 |
2013 | 1,420 | 2,464 | 1,746 | 2,647 |
β | −36.9 | 28.4 | 6.3 | 40.3 |
P Value | <.001 | <.001 | .21 | .001 |
Chain C | ||||
2000 | 316 | 2,594 | 2,531 | 2,548 |
2001 | 319 | 2,581 | 2,458 | 2,467 |
2002 | 864 | 2,645 | 2,521 | 2,467 |
2003 | 864 | 2,645 | 2,563 | 2,433 |
2004 | 864 | 2,645 | 2,563 | 3,056 |
2005 | 980 | 2,563 | 2,490 | 3,056 |
2006 | 1,019 | 2,531 | 2,449 | 2,892 |
2007 | 1,058 | 2,500 | 2,440 | 2,969 |
2008 | 873 | 2,654 | 2,380 | 2,969 |
2009 | 926 | 2,593 | 2,333 | 2,857 |
2010 | 852 | 2,704 | 2,389 | 3,029 |
2011 | 1,075 | 2,481 | 2,309 | 3,083 |
2012 | 1,075 | 2,828 | 2,323 | 2,256 |
2013 | 1,080 | 2,828 | 2,033 | 2,564 |
β | 45.7 | 10.3 | −27.6 | 14.2 |
P Value | <.01 | .15 | <.001 | .48 |
Chain comparison P value | ≤.01 | ≤.001 | <.001a | <.01b |
Figure 1. Sodium content (mg/1,000 kcal) for popular menu items at 3 large, national fast-food chains, United States, 2000–2013. Sodium content for large-sized French fries, 2 sizes of cheeseburgers (2-oz and 4-oz), and 1 size of grilled chicken sandwich from chains A, B and C. β estimates and P values derived from individual simple linear regression models; chain comparison P values derived from ANOVA (analysis of variance) models comparing mean values between restaurants. a Difference is between Chain B versus Chains A and C. b
Difference is between Chain B versus Chain C.
Chain/Year | Large French Fries | Cheeseburger | Grilled Chicken Sandwich | |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 oz | 4 oz | |||
Saturated Fat, g/1,000 kcal | ||||
Chain A | ||||
2000 | 8.3 | 18.8 | 24.5 | 6.7 |
2001 | 8.3 | 18.2 | 24.5 | 6.7 |
2002 | 8.3 | 18.2 | 24.5 | 6.7 |
2003 | 8.3 | 18.2 | 24.5 | 7.5 |
2004 | 8.7 | 18.2 | 24.1 | 7.5 |
2005 | 9.6 | 19.4 | 23.5 | 4.8 |
2006 | 10.5 | 19.4 | 23.5 | 4.8 |
2007 | 10.5 | 20.0 | 23.5 | 4.8 |
2008 | 7.0 | 20.0 | 23.5 | 4.8 |
2009 | 7.0 | 20.0 | 23.5 | 4.8 |
2010 | 7.0 | 20.0 | 23.5 | 4.8 |
2011 | 7.0 | 20.0 | 23.5 | 5.7 |
2012 | 7.0 | 20.0 | 23.1 | 5.7 |
2013 | 7.0 | 20.0 | 23.1 | 5.7 |
β | −0.2 | 0.2 | −0.1 | −0.1 |
P Value | .07 | <.001 | <.001 | .04 |
Chain B | ||||
2000 | 20.3 | 25.0 | 22.4 | 9.4 |
2001 | 14.0 | 24.3 | 21.8 | 9.1 |
2002 | 14.0 | 22.2 | 35.3 | 8.6 |
2003 | 14.0 | 22.2 | 22.5 | 8.6 |
2004 | 14.0 | 22.9 | 22.5 | 7.9 |
2005 | 14.0 | 22.9 | 22.5 | 7.9 |
2006 | 12.0 | 21.2 | 21.1 | 6.9 |
2007 | 12.0 | 21.2 | 21.1 | 6.9 |
2008 | 12.0 | 20.6 | 20.8 | 8.2 |
2009 | 10.3 | 20.6 | 20.8 | 8.2 |
2010 | 11.1 | 22.6 | 20.8 | 8.2 |
2011 | 11.1 | 20.0 | 21.1 | 7.4 |
2012 | 7.0 | 21.4 | 21.1 | 7.5 |
2013 | 7.0 | 21.4 | 21.1 | 7.8 |
β | −0.7 | −0.3 | −0.4 | −0.1 |
P Value | <.001 | <.01 | .14 | .02 |
Chain C | ||||
2000 | 7.0 | 18.8 | 21.4 | 4.8 |
2001 | 7.4 | 19.4 | 21.9 | 5.0 |
2002 | 8.0 | 16.1 | 21.9 | 5.0 |
2003 | 8.0 | 19.4 | 21.9 | 5.0 |
2004 | 8.0 | 19.4 | 21.9 | 4.2 |
2005 | 8.2 | 18.8 | 21.4 | 4.2 |
2006 | 7.4 | 18.8 | 21.4 | 4.1 |
2007 | 6.7 | 15.6 | 21.0 | 4.7 |
2008 | 7.3 | 19.2 | 21.0 | 4.7 |
2009 | 9.3 | 18.5 | 21.3 | 4.3 |
2010 | 8.3 | 18.5 | 21.3 | 4.4 |
2011 | 9.4 | 18.5 | 21.8 | 4.2 |
2012 | 9.4 | 20.7 | 25.8 | 9.0 |
2013 | 9.0 | 20.7 | 21.7 | 3.9 |
β | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | <0.1 |
P Value | <.01 | .26 | .32 | .58 |
Overall P value | <.001a | <.001a | NS | <.05 |
Figure 2. Saturated fat content (g/1,000 kcal) for popular menu items at 3 large, national fast-food chains, United States, 2000–2013. Saturated fat content for large-sized French fries, 2 sizes of cheeseburgers (2-oz and 4-oz), and 1 size of grilled chicken sandwich from chains A, B and C. β estimates and P values derived from individual simple linear regression models; chain comparison P values derived from ANOVA (analysis of variance) models comparing mean values between restaurants. Abbreviation: NS, nonsignificant. a
Difference is between Chain B versus Chains A and C.
Chain/Year | Large French Fries | Cheeseburger | Grilled Chicken Sandwich | |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 oz | 4 oz | |||
Trans fat, g/1,000 kcal | ||||
Chain A | ||||
2001 | — | — | — | — |
2002 | — | — | — | — |
2003 | — | — | — | — |
2004 | — | — | — | — |
2005 | 11.5 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 0 |
2006 | 14.0 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 0 |
2007 | 14.0 | 1.7 | 2.9 | 0 |
2008 | 0 | 1.7 | 2.9 | 0 |
2009 | 0 | 1.7 | 2.9 | 0 |
2010 | 0 | 1.7 | 2.9 | 0 |
2011 | 0 | 1.7 | 2.9 | 0 |
2012 | 0 | 1.7 | 2.9 | 0 |
2013 | 0 | 1.7 | 2.9 | 0 |
β | −1.9 | −0.2 | <–0.1 | NC |
P Value | <.01 | .03 | <.01 | NS |
Chain B | ||||
2001 | 12.0 | 2.7 | 1.9 | — |
2002 | 12.8 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 0.9 |
2003 | 12.8 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 0.9 |
2004 | 12.0 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 0 |
2005 | 12.0 | 1.4 | 2.5 | 0 |
2006 | 12.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 1.0 |
2007 | 12.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 1.0 |
2008 | 12.0 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 0 |
2009 | 0 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 0 |
2010 | 0 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 0 |
2011 | 0 | 0 | 1.3 | 0 |
2012 | 0 | 0 | 1.3 | 0 |
2013 | 0 | 0 | 1.4 | 0 |
β | −1.3 | −0.2 | <−0.1 | −0.1 |
P Value | <.001 | <.001 | .17 | .05 |
Chain C | ||||
2001 | — | — | — | — |
2002 | — | — | — | — |
2003 | 11.4 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 0 |
2004 | 11.4 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 0 |
2005 | 12.2 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 0 |
2006 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 0 |
2007 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 0 |
2008 | 0 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 0 |
2009 | 0 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0 |
2010 | 0 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0 |
2011 | 0 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 0 |
2012 | 0 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 0 |
2013 | 0 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 0 |
β | −1.3 | <0.1 | 0.1 | NC |
P Value | <.01 | .05 | .08 | NS |
Overall P value | NS | <.04a | ≤.03 | NS |
Figure 3. Trans fat content (g per 1,000 kcal) for popular menu items at 3 large, national fast-food chains, United States, 2001–2013. Trans fat content for large-sized French fries, 2 sizes of cheeseburgers (2-oz and 4-oz), and 1 size of grilled chicken sandwich from chains A, B and C. β estimates and P values derived from individual simple linear regression models; chain comparison P values derived from ANOVA (analysis of variance) models comparing mean values between restaurants. Abbreviations: —, data not available; NS, nonsignificant. a
Difference is between Chain A and Chain B.
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