NIOSH logo and tagline

Ethylene, trichloro-

RTECS #
KX4550000
CAS #
79-01-6; 52037-46-4
See: NMAM or OSHA Methods
Updated
March 2019
Molecular Weight
131.38
Molecular Formula
C2HCl3
Synonyms
1,1,2-Trichloroethylene
1,1-Dichloro-2-chloroethylene
1,2,2-Trichloroethylene
1-Chloro-2,2-dichloroethylene
Acetylene trichloride
Algylen
Anamenth
Benzinol
Blacosolv
Blancosolv
Cecolene
Chlorilen
Chlorylen
Circosolv
Crawhaspol
Densinfluat
Dow-tri
Dukeron
Ethinyl trichloride
Ethylene trichloride
Fleck-flip
Flock FLIP
Fluate
Germalgene
Lanadin
Lethurin
Narcogen
Narkosoid
NCI-C04546
Nialk
Perm-A-chlor
Petzinol
Philex
RCRA waste number U228
TCE
Threthylen
Threthylene
Trethylene
Tri
Triad
Trial
Triasol
Trichlooretheen (Dutch)
Trichloorethyleen, tri (Dutch)
Trichloraethen (German)
Trichloraethylen, tri (German)
Trichloran
Trichloren
Trichlorethylene, tri (French)
Trichloroethene
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene (ACGIH:OSHA)
Trichloroethylene (IUPAC)
Tri-clene
Tricloretene (Italian)
Tricloroetilene (Italian)
Trielene
Trielin
Trielina (Italian)
Trieline
Trilen
Trilene
Trilene TE-141
Triline
Trimar
Triol
Tri-plus
Tri-plus M
Vestrol
Vitran
Westrosol

Skin and Eye Irritation and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
eye /rabbit 20 mg/24H moderate85JCAE -,106,1986
skin /rabbit 2 mg/24H severe85JCAE -,106,1986

Mutation Data and Reference

System TestRoute/Organism/TissueDoseReference
Cytogenetic Analysismultiple/other fish3 gm/LMUREAV 399,125,1998
Cytogenetic Analysisskin/mouse7 gm/kgEMMUEG 37,185,2001
DNA adductlymphocyte/mammal (species unspecified)1 mmol/LTOLED5 11,243,1982
DNA Damageoral/rat3591 mg/kgTXCYAC 204,187,2004
DNA Damagekidney/rat1 mmol/L/20HTXCYAC 204,187,2004
DNA Damagekidney/human1 mmol/L/20HTXCYAC 204,187,2004
DNA Damageintraperitoneal/mouse6 mmol/kgTOLED5 31,31,1986
DNA Damageliver/mouse100 µmol/LCNREA8 43,1145,1983
DNA Damageliver/rat100 µmol/LCNREA8 43,1145,1983
DNA Damage/Saccharomyes cerevisiae22 mmol/LMUREAV 206,209,1988
DNA inhibitionlymphocyte/human5 mL/LCALEDQ 13,213,1981
DNA repairintraperitoneal/mouse100 mg/kgEVHPAZ 109,71,2001
gene conversion and mitotic recombination/Saccharomyes cerevisiae20 mmol/LJEPTDQ 1(4),411,1978
host-mediated assaySaccharomyes cerevisiae/mouse400 mg/kgJEPTDQ 1(4),411,1978
micronucleus testintraperitoneal/mouse1 gm/kgMUREAV 413,151,1998
micronucleus testmultiple/other fish3 gm/LMUREAV 399,125,1998
micronucleus testinhalation/rat5 ppm/6H-continuousMUREAV 322,87,1994
micronucleus testoral/rat4 mmol/kgMUREAV 413,1,1998
micronucleus testkidney/rat1 mmol/L/48HTXCYAC 204,187,2004
micronucleus testkidney/human1 mmol/L/48HTXCYAC 204,187,2004
micronucleus testoral/rat3590 mg/kgTXCYAC 204,187,2004
morphological transformembryo/rat1100 µmol/LITCSAF 14,290,1978
morphological transformembryo/mouse20 mg/LCALEDQ 28,85,1985
morphological transformembryo/hamster5 mg/LCRNGDP 4,291,1983
mutation in microorganismslymphocyte/mouse146 mg/L (+enzymatic activation step)SCIEAS 236,933,1987
mutation in microorganisms/Saccharomyes cerevisiae40 mmol/L (+enzymatic activation step)JEPTDQ 1(4),411,1978
mutation in microorganisms/Salmonella typhimurium10 µg/plate (+/-enzymatic activation step)TECSDY 15,101,1987
mutation in microorganisms/Escherichia coli3300 µmol/L (+enzymatic activation step)BCPCA6 24,2013,1975
mutation in microorganisms/Aspergillus nidulans2500 ppm (-enzymatic activation step)MUREAV 155,105,1985
mutation in microorganisms/Salmonella typhimurium5000 mg/L/2H (-enzymatic activation step)EMMUEG 44,329,2004
other mutation test systemsfibroblast/hamster1 pphANESAV 43,21,1975
other mutation test systemsoral/mouse600 mg/kgMUREAV 343,157,1995
phage inhibition capacity/Escherichia coli18 µg/wellMUREAV 260,349,1991
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction/Aspergillus nidulans17500 ppmMUREAV 155,105,1985
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction/Saccharomyes cerevisiae11 mmol/LMUREAV 206,209,1988
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunctionlung/hamster1150 µmol/LMUREAV 182,135,1987
sister chromatid exchangeovary/hamster401 mg/LEMMUEG 10(Suppl 10),1,1987
sister chromatid exchangelymphocyte/human178 mg/LAGTQAH 24,105,1981
specific locus testintraperitoneal/mouse140 mg/kgARTODN 38,87,1977
sperm morphologyinhalation/mouse100 ppmNTIS** PB82-185075
Unscheduled DNA Synthesisoral/mouse2500 mg/LNTIS** AD-A080-636
Unscheduled DNA Synthesisbone marrow/mouse1 mmol/LNTIS** AD-A080-636
Unscheduled DNA Synthesislung/human100 mg/LNTIS** PB82-185075
Unscheduled DNA Synthesisliver/rat2800 µmol/LCRNGDP 5,1629,1984
Unscheduled DNA Synthesisoral/rat16500 mg/kg/3W- intermittentTXAPA9 62,137,1982

Reproductive Effects Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
inhalation/rat 1800 ppm/24H (1-20D pregnant)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system

Reproductive: Other developmental abnormalities
APTOD9 19,A22,1980
inhalation/rat 100 ppm/4H (6-22D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
JPHYA7 276,24P,1978
inhalation/rat 1800 ppm/6H (1-20D pregnant)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital systemTXCYAC 14,153,1979
inhalation/rat 100 ppm/4H (8-21D pregnant)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal systemBJANAD 54,337,1982
inhalation/mouse 100 ppm/7H (5D male)Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)NTIS** PB82-185075
inhalation/mouse 150 ppm/24H (4W male/4W pre-3W pregnant)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous systemTOLED5 23,223,1984
oral/mouse 176 gm/kg (15W male/15W pre-3W after birth)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)NTIS** #PB86173150
oral/rat 19 gm/kg (15W male/15W pre-3W after birth)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)NTIS** #PB86190782
oral/mouse 24.5 gm/kg (7D male/7D prior to copulation/21D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)NTIS** #PB86173150
oral/rat 5.5 gm/kg (7D male/7D prior to copulation/21D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)NTIS** #PB86190782
oral/rat 76 mg/kg (multigenerations)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Hepatobiliary system

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)
NTIS** #PB86190782
oral/rat 156 mg/kg (multigenerations)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital systemNTIS** #PB86190782
oral/rat 10115 mg/kg (7D male/7D prior to copulation/21D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Other measures of fertilityNTIS** #PB86190782
oral/mouse 700 mg/kg (multigenerations)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Hepatobiliary system

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system
NTIS** #PB86173150
oral/rat 1010 mg/kg (6-15D pregnant)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Eye, earEVHPAZ 108,323,2000
oral/mouse 8.4 mg/kg (0D preg - 21D after birth)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Immune and reticuloendothelial systemTOXID9 72(Suppl 1),375,2003
oral/mouse 84 mg/kg (0D preg - 21D after birth)Reproductive: Other developmental abnormalitiesTOXID9 72(Suppl 1),375,2003
oral/mouse 8.4 mg/kg (multigeneration)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Immune and reticuloendothelial systemTOXID9 72(Suppl 1),375,2003
oral/rat 60.5 mg/kg (1-11D pregnant)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: HomeostasisBDERE* 67,488,2003
oral/mouse 1178 mg/kg (1-18D preg/20D after birth)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Immune and reticuloendothelial system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral
TXAPA9 231,344,2008
oral/mouse 210 mg/kg (21D after birth)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolicNRTXDN 33,1518,2012
oral/mouse 616 mg/kg (multigenerations)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral
TXAPA9 269,263,2013
oral/mouse 62.16 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects
NRTXDN 59,164,2017
oral/rat 2688 mg/kg (1-22D preg/21D after birth)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: BehavioralTOXID9 4,179,1984
oral/rat 36 gm/kg (15D prior to copulation/1-21D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4)TXCYAC 32,229,1984
oral/rat 1140 mg/kg (14D pre-21D after birth)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous systemBRREAP 488,403,1989

Tumorigenic Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
inhalation/hamster lowest published toxic concentration: 100 ppm/6H/77W- intermittentTumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Blood: Lymphoma including Hodgkin's disease

Liver: Tumors
ARTODN 43,237,1980
inhalation/mouse toxic concentration: 500 ppm/6H/77W- intermittentTumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Blood: Lymphoma including Hodgkin's disease
ARTODN 43,237,1980
inhalation/mouse toxic concentration: 150 ppm/7H/2Y- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors

Skin and Appendages: Tumors
INHEAO 21,243,1983
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 150 ppm/7H/2Y- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Vascular: Tumors

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors
INHEAO 21,243,1983
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 150 ppm/7H/2Y- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors

Skin and Appendages: Tumors
INHEAO 21,243,1983
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 455 gm/kg/78W- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Liver: Tumors
NCITR* NCI-TR-2,1976
oral/mouse toxic dose: 912 gm/kg/78W- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Liver: Tumors
NCITR* NCI-TR-2,1976
oral/mouse toxic dose: 515 gm/kg/2Y- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Liver: Tumors

Blood: Tumors
NTPTR* NTP-TR-243,1990
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 553 gm/kg/79W- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Liver: Tumors

Tumorigenic: Increased incidence of tumors in susceptible strains
TXAPA9 182,55,2002
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 515000 mg/kg/103W- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Liver: Tumors
NTIS** PB91-111815
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 515000 mg/kg/103W- intermittentTumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors
NTIS** PB91-111815
unreported route/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 456 gm/kg/28W- intermittentTumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Liver: Tumors
VCVGH* -,446,1990
unreported route/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 912 gm/kg/78W- intermittentTumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Liver: Tumors
VCVGH* -,446,1990

Acute Toxicity Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
In Vitro/Human, leukemia cells Inhibitor Concentration (20 percent kill): 1.78 mmol/L/3HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays
TXCYAC 271,122,2010
In Vitro/Human, leukemia cells Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 4.11 mmol/L/3HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays
TXCYAC 271,122,2010
In Vitro/Human, liver Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1 mmol/L/6HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitro

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays
TOLED5 209,232,2012
In Vitro/Human, skin Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1 mmol/L/24HBiochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammationTOLED5 215,31,2012
In Vitro/Mouse, liver Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 2.1 mmol/L/2HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.)TIVIEQ 3,145,1989
In Vitro/Rat, liver Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 1.3 mmol/L/2HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.)TIVIEQ 3,145,1989
inhalation/cat Lowest published lethal concentration: 32500 mg/m3/2HPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Spastic paralysis with/without sensory change

Behavioral: General anesthetic

Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)
AHBAAM 116,131,1936
inhalation/cat Lowest published lethal concentration: 32500 mg/m3/2HVCVGH* -,441,1990
inhalation/cat lowest published toxic concentration: 45000 mg/m3/5HBehavioral: General anestheticVCVGH* -,442,1990
inhalation/Dog lowest published toxic concentration: 90000 mg/m3/2HBehavioral: General anestheticVCVGH* -,442,1990
inhalation/guinea pig Lowest published lethal concentration: 37200 ppm/40MHBTXAC 5,76,1959
inhalation/human lowest published toxic concentration: 110 ppm/8HBehavioral: Change in psychophysiological testsEVHPAZ 108,323,2000
inhalation/human lowest published toxic concentration: 200 ppm/90MBehavioral: Change in psychophysiological testsAIHAAP 28,43,1967
inhalation/human lowest published toxic concentration: 6900 mg/m3/10MBehavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Behavioral: Hallucinations, distorted perceptions
AHBAAM 116,131,1936
inhalation/human lowest published toxic concentration: 160 ppm/83MBehavioral: Hallucinations, distorted perceptionsAIHAAP 23,167,1962
inhalation/human lowest published toxic concentration: 812 mg/kgBehavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Gastrointestinal: Other changes

Liver: Jaundice, other or unclassified
BMJOAE 2,689,1945
inhalation/human lowest published toxic concentration: 500 ppm/16.1Y- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in both tubules and glomeruli

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Proteinuria

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other transferases
ARTODN 73,246,1999
inhalation/human lowest published toxic concentration: 1.95 ppm/4HBiochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: PhosphatasesVCVGH* -,443,1990
inhalation/human lowest published toxic concentration: 500 ppmBehavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)VCVGH* -,443,1990
inhalation/human lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 2900 ppmARTODN 81,529,2007
inhalation/man lowest published toxic concentration: 110 ppm/8HEye: Other eye effects

Behavioral: Hallucinations, distorted perceptions
BJIMAG 28,293,1971
inhalation/man Lowest published lethal concentration: 2900 ppmNZMJAX 50,119,1951
inhalation/mouse lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 8450 ppm/4HAPTOA6 9,303,1953
inhalation/mouse lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 220000 mg/m3/20MVCVGH* -,441,1990
inhalation/mouse lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 262000 mg/m3/30MVCVGH* -,441,1990
inhalation/mouse Lowest published lethal concentration: 16000 mg/m3/2HVCVGH* -,441,1990
inhalation/mouse lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 40000 mg/m3/4HVCVGH* -,441,1990
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 450 ppm/6HLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changesEVHPAZ 108,261,2000
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 10000 ppm/4HLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Cytochrome oxidases (indlucing oxidative phosphrylation)

Biochemical: Effect on specific coenzyme: NAD, NADP
EVHPAZ 108,261,2000
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 25000 mg/m3/2HBehavioral: General anestheticVCVGH* -,442,1990
inhalation/rabbit Lowest published lethal concentration: 107000 mg/m3/2HVCVGH* -,441,1990
inhalation/rabbit Lowest published lethal concentration: 53500 mg/m3/150MVCVGH* -,441,1990
inhalation/rabbit Lowest published lethal concentration: 26750 mg/m3/14HVCVGH* -,441,1990
inhalation/rabbit Lowest published lethal concentration: 11000 ppmFAONAU 48A,121,1970
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 4000 ppm/1HBrain and Coverings: Recordings from specific areas of CNSEVHPAZ 108,317,2000
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 6000 ppm/6HEar: Change in acuity

Ear: Change in cochlear structure or function
EVHPAZ 108,317,2000
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 1000 ppm/4HBrain and Coverings: Recordings from specific areas of CNSEVHPAZ 108,317,2000
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 2000 ppm/2HBrain and Coverings: Recordings from specific areas of CNSEVHPAZ 108,317,2000
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 3000 ppm/80MBrain and Coverings: Recordings from specific areas of CNSEVHPAZ 108,317,2000
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 2000 ppm/70MBehavioral: Alteration of operant conditioningNETEEC 22,221,2000
inhalation/rat lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 140700 mg/m3/1HVCVGH* -,441,1990
inhalation/rat Lowest published lethal concentration: 4800 ppm/4HAMIHBC 4,469,1951
inhalation/rat Lowest published lethal concentration: 30000 mg/m3/4HVCVGH* -,442,1990
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 1000 ppm/4HBrain and Coverings: Changes in surface EEG

Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Sensory syndrome diagnostic of central lesion

Eye: Other eye effects
TOSCF2 76,121,2003
inhalation/rat Lowest published lethal concentration: 5000 ppm/6HTOXID9 44,456,2005
intraperitoneal/Dog lethal dose (50 percent kill): 2725 mg/kgVCVGH* -,442,1990
intraperitoneal/Dog lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1900 mg/kgLiver: Liver function tests impairedTXAPA9 10,119,1967
intraperitoneal/mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 3000 mg/kgVCVGH* -,442,1990
intraperitoneal/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 500 µL/kgLiver: Other changesTOLED5 177,20,2008
intraperitoneal/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 250 mg/kgLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Liver: Other changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins
TOXID9 72(Suppl 1),322,2003
intraperitoneal/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 500 mg/kgLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchiJPETAB 316,520,2006
intraperitoneal/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 50 mg/kgLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases
JPETAB 316,520,2006
intraperitoneal/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 2250 mg/kgBehavioral: Muscle weakness

Behavioral: Ataxia

Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning
JTCTDW 42,752,2004
intraperitoneal/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 3222 mg/kgBehavioral: Ataxia

Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning
JTCTDW 42,753,2004
intraperitoneal/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 1720 mg/kgBehavioral: Muscle weaknessJTCTDW 42,753,2004
intraperitoneal/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 1000 mg/kgKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine compositionTXCYAC 378,76,2017
intraperitoneal/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 500 mg/kgBehavioral: Change in psychophysiological testsTXAPA9 279,103,2014
intraperitoneal/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1282 mg/kgENVRAL 40,411,1986
intratracheal/rat lowest published lethal dose: 150 mg/kgNTIS** OTS0520615
intravenous/Dog lowest published lethal dose: 150 mg/kgQJPPAL 7,205,1934
intravenous/mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 33900 µg/kgCBCCT* 6,141,1954
intravenous/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 2725 mg/kgVCVGH* -,442,1990
oral/cat lowest published lethal dose: 5864 mg/kgHBTXAC 5,76,1959
oral/Dog lethal dose (50 percent kill): 5680 mg/kgVCVGH* -,442,1990
oral/human lowest published lethal dose: 7000 mg/kgCardiac: Arrythmias (indlucing changes in conduction)VCVGH* -,443,1990
oral/human lowest published lethal dose: 7 gm/kgARTODN 81,529,2007
oral/man lowest published toxic dose: 1 mL/kgBehavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Behavioral: Tremor

Behavioral: Coma
TOSCF2 41,157,1998
oral/man lowest published toxic dose: 2143 mg/kgGastrointestinal: Other changes34ZIAG -,602,1969
oral/mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 2402 mg/kgBehavioral: Altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex)

Behavioral: Ataxia

Skin and Appendages: Other: Hair
NTIS** AD-A080-636
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 1500 mg/kgLiver: Other changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins
ARTODN 83,835,2009
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 1250 mg/kgImmunological Including Allergic: Decrease in cellular immune response

Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in humoral immune response

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects
TOVEFN (1),14,2007
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 1500 mg/kgLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depressionTOXID9 90,178,2006
oral/mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 2400 mg/kgVCVGH* -,442,1990
oral/mouse lowest published lethal dose: 1500 mg/kgTOXID9 78,365,2004
oral/rabbit lowest published lethal dose: 7330 mg/kgHBTXAC 5,76,1959
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 250 mg/kgBiochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Xanthine, purine or nucleotides including urateABCPO* 47,1129,2000
oral/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 4920 mg/kgVCVGH* -,442,1990
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1500 mg/kgLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Sputum

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation
TOXID9 90,178,2006
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1200 mg/kgBehavioral: Alteration of classical conditioningTOXID9 44,428,2005
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 350 mg/kgBlood: Other changesTXAPA9 250,162,2011
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 500 mg/kgKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: ProteinuriaTXCYAC 323,70,2014
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1000 mg/kgKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine compositionTXCYAC 304,49,2013
oral/woman lowest published lethal dose: 15.2 mL/kgBehavioral: Coma

Gastrointestinal: Necrotic changes

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Urine volume decreased or anuria
JTCTDW 46,905,2008
skin/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 800 µL/kgSkin: After topical application: Primary irritationTXCYAC 248,113,2008
skin/rabbit lethal dose (50 percent kill): 20 mL/kgVCVGH* -,442,1990
skin/rabbit lethal dose (50 percent kill): >20 gm/kgNTIS** AD-A062-138
subcutaneous/Dog lowest published lethal dose: 150 mg/kgHBTXAC 5,76,1959
subcutaneous/mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 16 gm/kgBehavioral: Sleep

Behavioral: Ataxia
JPETAB 123,224,1958
subcutaneous/mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1440 mg/kgVCVGH* -,442,1990
subcutaneous/rabbit lowest published lethal dose: 1800 mg/kgQJPPAL 7,205,1934

Other Multiple Dose Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
inhalation/Dog lowest published toxic concentration: 3825 mg/m3/8H/6W- intermittentNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gainTXAPA9 10,270,1967
inhalation/Dog lowest published toxic concentration: 500 ppm/4H/8W- intermittentLiver: Other changesJIHTAB 26(7),250,1944
inhalation/gerbil lowest published toxic concentration: 150 ppm/24H/30D- continuousBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Liver: Changes in liver weight

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphatases
TOLED5 10,1,1982
inhalation/gerbil lowest published toxic concentration: 320 ppm/24H/90D- continuousBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport
NEPADD 3,151,1985
inhalation/gerbil lowest published toxic concentration: 510 ppm/8H/24W- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins
SWEHDO 10,89,1984
inhalation/gerbil lowest published toxic concentration: 170 ppm/8H/24W- continuousBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins
SWEHDO 10,89,1984
inhalation/guinea pig lowest published toxic concentration: 400 ppm/7H/35W- intermittentLiver: Changes in liver weight

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
AMIHBC 4,469,1951
inhalation/man lowest published toxic concentration: 5 ppm/17Y- intermittentLiver: Change in gall bladder structure or function

Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)
BJIMAG 49,700,1992
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 500 ppm/4W- intermittentLiver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal

Endocrine: Other changes

Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in humoral immune response
JJATDK 20,471,2000
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 810 mg/m3/2D- continuousLiver: Changes in liver weightVCVGH* -,444,1990
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 10000 ppm/1H/12D- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
BJPCAL 4,177,1949
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 150 ppm/24H/30D- continuousLiver: Changes in liver weight

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphatases
TOLED5 10,1,1982
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 300 ppm/7H/104W- intermittentLiver: Tumors

Tumorigenic: Increased incidence of tumors in susceptible strains
EVHPAZ 108,343,2000
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 600 ppm/104W- intermittentLiver: Tumors

Tumorigenic: Increased incidence of tumors in susceptible strains
EVHPAZ 108,343,2000
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 150 ppm/7H/107W- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors

Tumorigenic: Increased incidence of tumors in susceptible strains
EVHPAZ 108,343,2000
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 300 ppm/7H/78W- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors

Tumorigenic: Increased incidence of tumors in susceptible strains
EVHPAZ 108,343,2000
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 150 ppm/6H/104W- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Bronchogenic carcinoma

Tumorigenic: Tumor types after systemic administration not seen spontaneously
EVHPAZ 108,261,2000
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 600 ppm/7H/78W- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors

Tumorigenic: Tumor types after systemic administration not seen spontaneously
EVHPAZ 108,261,2000
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 450 ppm/5D- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Cytochrome oxidases (indlucing oxidative phosphrylation)
EVHPAZ 108,261,2000
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 1000 ppm/4W- intermittentReproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm ductTXAPA9 182,244,2002
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 1000 ppm/1W- continuousReproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm ductTOXID9 72,273,2003
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 1000 ppm/5D- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine compositionTOXID9 66,60,2002
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 1000 ppm/4W- intermittentReproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Cytochrome oxidases (indlucing oxidative phosphrylation)
TOXID9 66,60,2002
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 1000 ppm/7D- intermittentLiver: Changes in liver weightTXAPA9 231,300,2008
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 2000 ppm/7D- intermittentLiver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse

Liver: Changes in liver weight

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases
TXAPA9 231,300,2008
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 37 ppm/8H/30D- continuousLiver: Changes in liver weightEVHPAZ 108,323,2000
inhalation/rabbit lowest published toxic concentration: 350 ppm/4H/12W- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Recordings from specific areas of CNSNRTXDN 13,203,1992
inhalation/rabbit lowest published toxic concentration: 100 mg/m3/4H/39W- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition

Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other esterases
GTPZAB 17(5),55,1973
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 4380 ppm/4H/2W- intermittentBehavioral: Ataxia

Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests
AIHAAP 25,369,1964
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 3200 ppm/12H/14W- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Recordings from specific areas of CNS

Ear: Change in acuity
NETEEC 13,83,1991
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 150 ppm/24H/30D- continuousLiver: Changes in liver weightTOLED5 10,1,1982
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 2400 ppm/6H/13W- intermittentEar: Change in acuityFAATDF 38,101,1997
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 50 mg/m3/5H/26W- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Recordings from specific areas of CNS

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition
GTPZAB 5(3),9,1961
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 300 ppm/24H/12W- continuousBlood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)

Liver: Changes in liver weight

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport
ETPAEK 46,133,1994
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 2000 ppm/1H/10D- intermittentBehavioral: Alteration of operant conditioning

Behavioral: Tolerance
NETEEC 23,617,2001
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 2000 ppm/5D- intermittentBehavioral: Tolerance

Behavioral: Alteration of operant conditioning
NETEEC 22,221,2000
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 376 ppm/30D- intermittentBehavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)JAPTO* 21,441,2001
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 500 ppm/182D- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Interstitial nephritis

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Renal function tests depressed
TOLED5 128,243,2002
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 500 ppm/6H/26W- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changesETOPFR 12,157,2002
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 500 ppm/6H/26W- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in both tubules and glomeruli

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition
TOLED5 -,247,2002
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 50 ppm/8H/6W- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Changes in surface EEG

Cardiac: Pulse rate decreased with fall in BP
EVHPAZ 108,323,2000
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 600 ppm/7H/104W- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Bladder tumors

Tumorigenic: Increased incidence of tumors in susceptible strains
EVHPAZ 108,343,2000
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 600 ppm/7H/104W- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Bladder tumors

Tumorigenic: Tumor types after systemic administration not seen spontaneously
EVHPAZ 108,225,2000
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 3200 ppm/6H/1W- intermittentEar: Change in acuity

Ear: Change in cochlear structure or function
EVHPAZ 108,317,2000
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 3200 ppm/6H/4W- intermittentEar: Change in acuity

Ear: Change in cochlear structure or function
EVHPAZ 108,317,2000
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 2400 ppm/6H/13W- intermittentEar: Change in acuity

Ear: Change in cochlear structure or function
EVHPAZ 108,317,2000
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 300 ppm/7H/104W- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes
EVHPAZ 108,323,2000
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 600 ppm/6H/15D- intermittentNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gainTOXID9 66,237,2002
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 600 ppm/3D- intermittentNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gainBDERB* 77,405,2006
intramuscular/rat lowest published toxic dose: 125 gm/kg/10W- intermittentPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Structural change in nerve or sheath

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport
NRTXDN 13,601,1992
intramuscular/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1720 mg/m3/5D- continuousBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport
TXAPA9 85,145,1986
intraperitoneal/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 3941 mg/kg/3D- intermittentEndocrine: Changes in spleen weightTXCYAC 70,231,1991
intraperitoneal/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 100 mg/kg/6W- intermittentTXAPA9 273,189,2013
intraperitoneal/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 2000 mg/kg/4D- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine compositionTXCYAC 378,76,2017
intraperitoneal/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 6000 mg/kg/4W- intermittentBehavioral: Change in psychophysiological testsRTOPDW 79,83,2016
ocular/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 2400 µL/kg/3D- intermittentSkin: After topical application: Cutaneous sensitization (experimental)

Skin and Appendages: Other glands
TXAPA9 307,72,2016
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 1176 mg/kg/12W- intermittentBiochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammationTXAPA9 279,284,2014
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 15400 mg/kg/22W- continuousBlood: Changes in spleenTOLED5 260,1,2016
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 67200 mg/kg/24W- continuousKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes

Immunological Including Allergic: Autoimmune (multiple organ involvement)
TXCYAC 292,113,2012
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 25200 mg/kg/36W- continuousKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes

Immunological Including Allergic: Autoimmune (multiple organ involvement)
TXCYAC 292,113,2012
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 33600 mg/kg/12W- continuousKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changesTXCYAC 292,113,2012
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 33600 mg/kg/24W- continuousKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changesTXCYAC 292,113,2012
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 735000 mg/kg/105W- continuousLiver: Tumors

Tumorigenic: Increased incidence of tumors in susceptible strains
EVHPAZ 108,335,2000
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 21000 mg/kg/14D- intermittentLiver: Other changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins
ARTODN 83,835,2009
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 25200 mg/kg/36W- continuousLiver: Other changesTOXID9 -,240,2009
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 0.084 mg/kg/2W- continuousBlood: Changes in spleen

Immunological Including Allergic: Increase in cellular immune response
TOXID9 -,315,2009
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 18200 mg/kg/26W- continuousLiver: Multiple effects

Immunological Including Allergic: Autoimmune (multiple organ involvement)

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation
TOXID9 -,12,2008
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 16800 mg/kg/24W- continuousLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Liver: Other changes

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes
TOXID9 -,71,2008
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 25200 mg/kg/36W- continuousLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Liver: Other changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation
TOXID9 -,71,2008
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 25.2 gm/kg/36W- continuousNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation

Liver: Other changes
TXAPA9 228,68,2008
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 2.8 mg/kg/4W- continuousImmunological Including Allergic: Increase in humoral response

Immunological Including Allergic: Autoimmune (multiple organ involvement)

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation
TOXID9 12,437,2008
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 22.4 mg/kg/32W- continuousLiver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse

Skin: After systemic exposure: Dermatitis, other

Immunological Including Allergic: Autoimmune (multiple organ involvement)
TOXID9 12,437,2008
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 1400 mg/kg/14D- intermittentLiver: Changes in liver weightNTPTR* IMM-98010
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 560 mg/kg/4W- continuousBlood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)

Immunological Including Allergic: Autoimmune (multiple organ involvement)

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other
TOXID9 60,206,2001
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 22400 µg/kg/16W- continuousImmunological Including Allergic: Decrease in humoral immune response

Immunological Including Allergic: Autoimmune (multiple organ involvement)
TOXID9 60,141,2001
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 36400 µg/kg/26W- continuousBlood: Other changesTOXID9 60,141,2001
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 210 mg/kg/3W- intermittentLiver: Other changes

Liver: Changes in liver weight

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight
TOXID9 60,159,2001
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 31500 mg/kg/3W- intermittentRelated to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type fieldTOXID9 60,159,2001
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 21000 mg/kg/2W- intermittentLiver: Other changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other
TOXID9 90,178,2006
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 102900 mg/kg/21W- continuousLiver: Changes in liver weight

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Prostate, seminal vesicle, Cowper's gland, accessory glands
NTIS** #PB86161999
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 102900 mg/kg/21W- continuousKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)
NTIS** #PB86173150
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 102900 mg/kg/21W- continuousLiver: Changes in liver weight

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)
NTIS** #PB86173150
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 182 gm/kg/26W- continuousLiver: Changes in liver weight

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in bladder weight

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
TXAPA9 62,351,1982
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 13 gm/kg/5D- intermittentNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation, etc.)

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
TXAPA9 62,351,1982
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 48 gm/kg/4W- intermittentLiver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Dehydrogenases

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases
JJATDK 9,15,1986
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 49080 mg/kg/17W- continuousBlood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above

Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in humoral immune response
NTIS** AD-A080-636
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 3000 mg/kg/6W- intermittentLiver: Changes in liver weightEVHPAZ 108,323,2000
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 1312.8 mg/kg/78W- intermittentLiver: TumorsEVHPAZ 108,241,2000
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 984.6 mg/kg/78W- intermittentLiver: Tumors

Tumorigenic: Tumor types after systemic administration not seen spontaneously
EVHPAZ 108,241,2000
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 525 gm/kg/105W- intermittentLiver: TumorsEVHPAZ 108,241,2000
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 24000 mg/kg/24W- continuousLiver: Changes in liver weightEVHPAZ 108,241,2000
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 44800 mg/kg/16W- continuousImmunological Including Allergic: Decrease in cellular immune response

Immunological Including Allergic: Hypersensitivity delayed (multiple organ involvement)
EVHPAZ 108,323,2000
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 67200 mg/kg/24W- continuousImmunological Including Allergic: Decrease in cellular immune response

Immunological Including Allergic: Hypersensitivity delayed (multiple organ involvement)
EVHPAZ 108,323,2000
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 7 gm/kg/1W- intermittentLiver: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Isomerases
TXCYAC 173,229,2002
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 84 gm/kg/12W- continuousImmunological Including Allergic: Autoimmune (multiple organ involvement)TXAPA9 197,279,2004
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 4500 mg/kg/3D- intermittentLiver: Changes in liver weight

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases
TXCYAC 203,83,2004
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 4500 mg/kg/3D- intermittentRelated to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type fieldTXCYAC 203,83,2004
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 2250 mg/kg/3D- intermittentLiver: Other changes

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
TOXID9 78,365,2004
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 3000 mg/kg/5D- intermittentRelated to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type fieldTOXID9 78,365,2004
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 6.3 gm/kg/2W- continuousReproductive: Effects on fertility: Other measures of fertilityREPTED 17,273,2003
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 65000 mg/kg/52W- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes
EVHPAZ 108,323,2000
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 700 mg/kg/14D- intermittentLiver: Changes in liver weightEVHPAZ 108,323,2000
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 257.5 gm/kg/103W- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Bladder tumors

Tumorigenic: Tumor types after systemic administration not seen spontaneously

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
EVHPAZ 108,225,2000
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 515 gm/kg/103W- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Bladder tumors

Tumorigenic: Tumor types after systemic administration not seen spontaneously
EVHPAZ 108,225,2000
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1160 mg/kg/8W- intermittentBrain and Coverings: DemyelinationNETEEC 12,375,1990
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 84 gm/kg/2W- continuousLiver: Changes in liver weight

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in bladder weight

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation, etc.)
TOXID9 5,228,1985
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 130 gm/kg/13W- intermittentNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
NTPTR* NTP-TR-273,1988
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 24 gm/kg/6W- intermittentLiver: Changes in liver weight

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphatases
TXAPA9 78,105,1985
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 2128 mg/kg/28D- continuousNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gainNTIS** #PB86190782
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 42483 mg/kg/21W- continuousLiver: Changes in liver weight

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
NTIS** #PB86190782
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 14000 mg/kg/7D- intermittentLiver: Changes in liver weight

Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
JTPAE7 29,451,2001
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 28 gm/kg/28D- intermittentLiver: Changes in liver weight

Blood: Pigmented or nucleated red blood cells

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphatases
NTIS** OTS0590061
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 21000 mg/kg/2W- intermittentLiver: Other changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other
TOXID9 90,178,2006
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 20 gm/kg/8W- intermittentLiver: Changes in liver weight

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
NTPTR* IMM-96007
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 20 gm/kg/8W- intermittentImmunological Including Allergic: Autoimmune (multiple organ involvement)

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
NTPTR* IMM-96007
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 5000 mg/kg/2W- intermittentNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gainNTPTR* IMM-96007
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 32500 mg/kg/13W- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Urine volume increasedTXCYAC 224,108,2006
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 16250 mg/kg/13W- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)TXCYAC 224,108,2006
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 7000 mg/kg/14D- intermittentLiver: Changes in liver weight

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
TXAPA9 225,171,2007
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 21000 mg/kg/14D- intermittentBlood: Changes in other cell count (unspecified)

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
TXAPA9 225,171,2007
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 21000 mg/kg/14D- intermittentLiver: Other changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins
ARTODN 83,835,2009
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 25000 mg/kg/25D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Liver: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects
FCTOD7 47,1562,2009
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 2000 mg/kg/2D- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine compositionTXCYAC 304,49,2013
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 24 mg/kg/3D- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition

Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)
TXCYAC 304,49,2013
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 42000 mg/kg/12W- intermittentLiver: Changes in liver weight

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes
TXCYAC 323,70,2014
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 7000 mg/kg/2W- intermittentNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: Metabolic acidosis

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Proteinuria
TXCYAC 323,70,2014
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 3500 mg/kg/1W- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine compositionTXCYAC 323,70,2014
subcutaneous/rat lowest published toxic dose: 60 gm/kg/15W- intermittentLiver: Other changes

Liver: Changes in liver weight

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins
INHEAO 25,89,1987

Reviews

OrganizationStandardReference
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)Threshold Limit Value-time-weighted average 10 ppm;short term exposure limit 25 ppmDTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)Threshold Limit Value-Suspected human carcinogenDTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Animal Limited EvidenceIMEMDT 20,545,1979
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Animal Sufficient EvidenceIMEMDT 63,75,1995
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Human Limited EvidenceIMEMDT 63,75,1995
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Animal Sufficient EvidenceIMEMDT 106,189,2014
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Human Inadequate EvidenceIMEMDT 20,545,1979
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Human Sufficient EvidenceIMEMDT 106,189,2014
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Group 3IMSUDL 7,364,1987
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Group 1IMEMDT 106,189,2014
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Group 2AIMEMDT 63,75,1995
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWJTEHD6 2,671,1977
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWCLPTAT 8,91,1967
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWJJOMDZ 16,194,1974
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWJJOMDZ 17,603,1975
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFNSCA6 2,67,1973
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWBNYMAM 54,413,1978
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFAATDF 13,747,1989
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNTOTDY 3,417,1981
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWCRTXB2 30,253,2000
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWEVHPAZ 108,323,2000
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWEVHPAZ 108,343,2000
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWEVHPAZ 108,241,2000
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWEVHPAZ 108,261,2000
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 127,111,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 127,321,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 134,17,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 543,201,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 140-141,43,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 140-141,53,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 567,227,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 567,109,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 14,5,1999
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWEMMUEG 39,69,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWCRTXB2 33,137,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 14,271,1999
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTXCYAC 196,1,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWDIMON* 39,678,1993
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 628,31,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFCTOD7 44,1699,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 627,59,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWENTOX* -,382,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWBCLPT* 96,131,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 20,245,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 584,1,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWHETOEA 25,413,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 658,124,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWJTEHD6 6,257,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWBDERE* 73,931,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWREPTED 22,557,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 654,114,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWHUTOX* -,577,1996
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 180,100,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 590,1,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 23,271,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNCLNA* 16,503,1998
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNEUCL* 18,741,2000
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNBREV* 5,1,1981
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNTAPM* -,629,1995
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNTAPM* -,689,1995
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNTAPM* -,711,1995
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNTAPM* -,737,1995
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNTAPM* -,747,1995
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 705,165,2010
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWREPTED 31,327,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 727,42,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWEMMUEG 50,68,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 721,27,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 723,108,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 722,147,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 750,141,2012
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNRTXDN 33,178,2012
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTXAPA9 255,113,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWEMMUEG 54,500,2013
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 204,148,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 762,22,2014
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 783,66,2015
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFCTOD7 55,596,2013
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 786-788,14,2015
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTXAPA9 261,227,2012
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTXAPA9 266,345,2013
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTXCYAC 313,3,2013
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNETEEC 52,25,2015
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTIVIEQ 30,569,2015
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 31,347,2016
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWREPTED 65,321,2016
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 32,491,2017
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 775,11,2018
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWRTOPDW 54,247,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWRTOPDW 54,294,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWRTOPDW 55,43,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWRTOPDW 59,364,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWVETOX* ,339,2018

Standards and Regulations

OrganizationStandardReference
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD-airtime-weighted average 100 ppm (535 mg/m3)DTLVS* 3,263,1971
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV;
Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIAtime-weighted average 10 ppm (54 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 40 ppm (216 mg/m3), JUL2008
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIAMAK-TMW 50 ppm (270 mg/m3);KZW 250 ppm (1350 mg/m3), 2007
Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUMtime-weighted average 50 ppm (273 mg/m3), MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUMshort term exposure limit 100 ppm (545 mg/m3), Carcinogen, MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-DENMARKtime-weighted average 10 ppm (55 mg/m3), carc, MAY2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FINLANDtime-weighted average 10 ppm (50 mg/m3), skin, NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FRANCEVME 75 ppm (405 mg/m3), VLE 200 ppm (1080 mg/m3), C2 Carcinogen, FEB2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-HUNGARYtime-weighted average 270 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 540 mg/m3, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit-ICELANDtime-weighted average 10 ppm (55 mg/m3), NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-JAPANOccupational Exposure Limit 25 ppm (135 mg/m3), 2B carc, MAY2012
Occupational Exposure Limit-KOREAtime-weighted average 50 ppm (270 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 200 ppm (1080 mg/m3), 2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-MEXICOtime-weighted average 100 ppm (535 mg/m3);short term exposure limit 200 ppm (1080 mg/m3), 2004
Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALANDtime-weighted average 50 ppm (269 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 200 ppm (1070 mg/m3), JAN2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-NORWAYtime-weighted average 20 ppm (110 mg/m3), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-POLANDMAC(time-weighted average) 50 mg/m3, MAC(short term exposure limit) 400 mg/m3, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-RUSSIAtime-weighted average 10 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 30 mg/m3, JUN2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWEDENtime-weighted average 10 ppm (50 mg/m3);short term exposure limit 25 ppm (140 mg/m3), Carcinogen, JUN2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLANDMAK-week 50 ppm (260 mg/m3), KZG-week 100 ppm (520 mg/m3), carc 2, skin, JAN2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-THAILANDtime-weighted average 100 ppm, short term exposure limit 200 ppm, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE NETHERLANDSMAC-TGG 190 mg/m3, 2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE PHILIPPINEStime-weighted average 100 ppm (535 mg/m3), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-TURKEYtime-weighted average 100 ppm (535 mg/m3), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOMtime-weighted average 100 ppm (550 mg/m3);short term exposure limit 150 ppm (820 mg/m3), skin, OCT2007
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction)8H time-weighted average 100 ppm (535 mg/m3)CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors)8H time-weighted average 100 ppm (535 mg/m3)CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry)8H time-weighted average 100 ppm;ceiling concentration 200;Pk 300/5M/2HCFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards)8H time-weighted average 100 ppm (535 mg/m3)CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993

NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance

OrganizationStandardReference
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO TRICHLOROETHYLENE-air10H Carcinogen time-weighted average 25 ppm;ceiling concentration 2 ppm/1HNIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO WASTE ANESTHETIC GASES AND VAPORS-airceiling concentration 2 ppm/1HMMWR** 37(S-7),28,1988
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983Hazard Code 73790; Number of Industries 192; Total Number of Facilities 23225; Number of Occupations 143; Total Number of Employees Exposed 401373; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 175316
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974Hazard Code 73790; Number of Industries 251; Total Number of Facilities 37699; Number of Occupations 141; Total Number of Employees Exposed 446588

Status in Federal Agencies

OrganizationReference
ATSDR TOXICOLOGY PROFILE (NTIS** PB/98/101165/AS)
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: Histidine reversion-Ames test
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: D melanogaster Sex-linked lethal
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive/limited: Carcinogenicity-mouse/rat
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Cell transform.-RLV F344 rat embryo; Host-mediated assay
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Mouse spot test; Sperm morphology-mouse
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: S cerevisiae gene conversion; S cerevisiae-homozygosis
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: S cerevisiae-reversion
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NCI Carcinogenesis Bioassay (gavage);no evidence:ratNCITR* NCI-TR-2,1976
NCI Carcinogenesis Studies (gavage);clear evidence:mouse
NCI Carcinogenesis Studies (gavage);inadequate studies:rat NTPTR* NTP-TR-243,1983
NCI Carcinogenesis Studies (gavage);inadequate study:rat
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Trichloroethylene, 1022; by portable GC, 3701
NIOSH CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 2, 1975
NTP 14th Report on Carcinogens,2016:Known to be a human carcinogen
NTP Carcinogenesis Studies (gavage);clear evidence:mouse NTPTR* NTP-TR-243,1983
On EPA IRIS database
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #1001
Page last reviewed: November 16, 2018