References

Purpose

Scientific publications used to develop guidance on how to manage heat and health.

Background Section References

  1. Hayden, M.H., P.J. Schramm, C.B. Beard, J.E. Bell, A.S. Bernstein, A. Bieniek-Tobasco, N. Cooley, M. Diuk-Wasser, Michael K. Dorsey, K.L. Ebi, K.C. Ernst, M.E. Gorris, P.D. Howe, A.S. Khan, C. Lefthand-Begay, J. Maldonado, S. Saha, F. Shafiei, A. Vaidyanathan, and O.V. Wilhelmi, 2023: Ch. 15. Human health. In: Fifth National Climate Assessment. Crimmins, A.R., C.W. Avery, D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock, Eds. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA. https://doi.org/10.7930/NCA5.2023.CH15
  2. Vicedo-Cabrera, A.M., N. Scovronick, F. Sera, D. Royé, R. Schneider, A. Tobias, C. Astrom, Y. Guo, Y. Honda, D.M. Hondula, R. Abrutzky, S. Tong, M.d.S.Z.S. Coelho, P.H.N. Saldiva, E. Lavigne, P.M. Correa, N.V. Ortega, H. Kan, S. Osorio, J. Kyselý, A. Urban, H. Orru, E. Indermitte, J.J.K. Jaakkola, N. Ryti, M. Pascal, A. Schneider, K. Katsouyanni, E. Samoli, F. Mayvaneh, A. Entezari, P. Goodman, A. Zeka, P. Michelozzi, F. de'Donato, M. Hashizume, B. Alahmad, M.H. Diaz, C.D.L.C. Valencia, A. Overcenco, D. Houthuijs, C. Ameling, S. Rao, F. Di Ruscio, G. Carrasco-Escobar, X. Seposo, S. Silva, J. Madureira, I.H. Holobaca, S. Fratianni, F. Acquaotta, H. Kim, W. Lee, C. Iniguez, B. Forsberg, M.S. Ragettli, Y.L.L. Guo, B.Y. Chen, S. Li, B. Armstrong, A. Aleman, A. Zanobetti, J. Schwartz, T.N. Dang, D.V. Dung, N. Gillett, A. Haines, M. Mengel, V. Huber, and A. Gasparrini, 2021: The burden of heat-related mortality attributable to recent human-induced climate change. Nature Climate Change, 11 (6), 492–500. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01058-x
  3. Ebi, K.L., A. Capon, P. Berry, C. Broderick, R. de Dear, G. Havenith, Y. Honda, R.S. Kovats, W. Ma, A. Malik, N.B. Morris, L. Nybo, S.I. Seneviratne, J. Vanos, and O. Jay, 2021: Hot weather and heat extremes: Health risks. The Lancet, 398 (10301), 698–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01208-3
  4. S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Climate Change and Children's Health and Well-Being in the United States.", EPA 430-R-23-001, April 2023, https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-05/Climate_Change_and_Children%27s_Health_Report_Executive_Summary_.pdf.
  5. Bernstein, A.S., S. Sun, K.R. Weinberger, K.R. Spangler, P.E. Sheffield, and G.A. Wellenius, 2022: Warm season and emergency department visits to U.S. children's hospitals. Environmental Health Perspectives, 130 (1), 017001. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp8083
  6. Philipsborn RP, Sheffield P, White A, Osta A, Anderson MS, Bernstein A, 2021: Climate Change and the Practice of Medicine: Essentials for Resident Education. Acad Med. 96(3):p 355-367. 1097/ACM.0000000000003719
  7. Mangus CW, Canares TL, 2019: Heat-Related Illness in Children in an Era of Extreme Temperatures. Pediatrics in Review 2019;40;97. DOI: 10.1542/pir.2017-0322 http://pedsinreview.aappublications.org/content/40/3/97
  8. Yitshak-Sade, M., I. Kloog, J.D. Schwartz, V. Novack, O. Erez, and A.C. Just, 2021: The effect of prenatal temperature and PM2.5 exposure on birthweight: Weekly windows of exposure throughout the pregnancy. Environment International, 155, 106588. DOI: 1016/j.envint.2021.106588
  9. Vaidyanathan, A., S. Saha, A.M. Vicedo-Cabrera, A. Gasparrini, N. Abdurehman, R. Jordan, M. Hawkins, J. Hess, and A. Elixhauser, 2019: Assessment of extreme heat and hospitalizations to inform early warning systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116 (12), 5420–5427. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1806393116
  10. Thomas, N., S.T. Ebelt, A.J. Newman, N. Scovronick, R.R. D'Souza, S.E. Moss, J.L. Warren, M.J. Strickland, L.A. Darrow, and H.H. Chang, 2021: Time-series analysis of daily ambient temperature and emergency department visits in five US cities with a comparison of exposure metrics derived from 1-km meteorology products. Environmental Health, 20 (1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00735-w
  11. Meade, R.D., A.P. Akerman, S.R. Notley, R. McGinn, P. Poirier, P. Gosselin, and G.P. Kenny, 2020: Physiological factors characterizing heat-vulnerable older adults: A narrative review. Environment International, 144, 105909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105909
  12. O'Lenick, C.R., A. Baniassadi, R. Michael, A. Monaghan, J. Boehnert, X. Yu, M.H. Hayden, C. Wiedinmyer, K. Zhang, P.J. Crank, J. Heusinger, P. Hoel, D.J. Sailor, and O.V. Wilhelmi, 2020: A case-crossover analysis of indoor heat exposure on mortality and hospitalizations among the elderly in Houston, Texas. Environmental Health Perspectives, 128 (12), 127007. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp6340 DOI: 1289/EHP6340.
  13. Nori-Sarma, A., S. Sun, Y. Sun, K.R. Spangler, R. Oblath, S. Galea, J.L. Gradus, and G.A. Wellenius, 2022: Association between ambient heat and risk of emergency department visits for mental health among US adults, 2010 to 2019. JAMA Psychiatry, 79 (4), 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.4369
  14. Jacobsen, A.P., Y.C. Khiew, E. Duffy, J. O'Connell, E. Brown, P.G. Auwaerter, R.S. Blumenthal, B.S. Schwartz, and J.W. McEvoy, 2022: Climate change and the prevention of cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 12, 100391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100391
  15. Heat and people with Chronic Medical Conditions: Heat and People with Chronic Medical Conditions | Natural Disasters and Severe Weather | CDC
  16. S. Global Change Research Program, 2018. Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II. [Reidmiller DR, Avery CW, Easterling DR, Kunkel KE, Lewis KLM, Maycock TK, and Stewart BC (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, 1515 pp. doi: 10.7930/NCA4.2018.. Accessed 12/18/2023, https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/
  17. Schramm PJ CA, Berman PP, McCoy T, Gaines C, Svendsen E, Malilay J, Yip F, Sarisky J, Allwood P, Breysse P. Building a Comprehensive Approach in CDC's National Center for Environmental Health to Address the Health Effects of Climate Change. The Journal of Climate Change and Health. 2021;doi: 10.1016/j.joclim.2021.100071.
  18. Wilson, B., 2020: Urban heat management and the legacy of redlining. Journal of the American Planning Association, 86 (4), 443–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2020.1759127
  19. Aaronson, D., D. Hartley, and B. Mazumder, 2021: The effects of the 1930s HOLC "redlining" maps. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 13 (4), 355–92. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20190414
  20. Swope, C.B., D. Hernández, and L.J. Cushing, 2022: The relationship of historical redlining with present-day neighborhood environmental and health outcomes: a scoping review and conceptual model. Journal of Urban Health, 99 (6), 959–983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-022-00665-z
  21. Hoffman, J.S., V. Shandas, and N. Pendleton, 2020: The effects of historical housing policies on resident exposure to intra-urban heat: A study of 108 US urban areas. Climate, 8 (1), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli8010012
  22. Maryland Department of Housing and Community Development. EmPOWER Maryland Low Income Energy Efficiency Program. 2016. Available from: EmPOWER Maryland Low Income Energy Efficiency Program.
  23. Holden KA, Lee AR, Hawcutt DB, Sinha IP. The impact of poor housing and indoor air quality on respiratory health in children. Breathe (Sheff). 2023 Jun;19(2):230058. doi: 10.1183/20734735.0058-2023. Epub 2023 Aug 15. PMID: 37645022; PMCID: PMC10461733 DOI: 1183/20734735.0058-2023
  24. West, J.J., C.G. Nolte, M.L. Bell, A.M. Fiore, P.G. Georgopoulos, J.J. Hess, L.J. Mickley, S.M. O'Neill, J.R. Pierce, R.W. Pinder, S. Pusede, D.T. Shindell, and S.M. Wilson, 2023: Ch. 14. Air quality. In: Fifth National Climate Assessment. Crimmins, A.R., C.W. Avery, D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock, Eds. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA. https://doi.org/10.7930/NCA5.2023.CH14 Air Quality (globalchange.gov).
  25. NIOSH [2016]. NIOSH criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to heat and hot environments. By Jacklitsch B, Williams WJ, Musolin K, Coca A, Kim J-H, Turner N. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication 2016-106. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2016-106/pdfs/2016-106.pdf?id=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2016106
  26. Policy Statement—Climatic Heat Stress and Exercising Children and Adolescents, COUNCIL ON SPORTS MEDICINE AND FITNESS AND COUNCIL ON SCHOOL HEALTH Pediatrics 2011;128:e741–e747 Climatic Heat Stress and Exercising Children and Adolescents | Pediatrics | American Academy of Pediatrics (aap.org) FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS| POLICY STATEMENT| SEPTEMBER 01 2011 Climatic Heat Stress and Exercising Children and Adolescents Michael F. Bergeron, PhD, Cynthia DiLaura Devore, MD; Stephen G. Rice, MD, PhD, MPH, Council On Sports Medicine and Fitness and Council on School Health, Pediatrics (2011) 128 (3): e741–e747. DOI: 1542/peds.2011-1664
  27. Zachary Y.Kerr MPH, MA a, Douglas J. Casa PhD, ATC d, Stephen W. Marshall PhD a b c, Dawn Comstock PhD. Epidemiology of Exertional Heat Illness Among U.S. High School Athletes. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Volume 44, Issue 1, January 2013, Pages 8-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.09.058
  28. Benz, S.A. and J.A. Burney, 2021: Widespread race and class disparities in surface urban heat extremes across the United States. Earth's Future, 9 (7), e2021EF002016. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021ef002016
  29. Mitchell BC, Chakraborty J, 2018: Exploring the relationship between residential segregation and thermal inequity in 20 U.S. cities. Local Environment, The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, 23(8), 796-813, DOI: 1080/13549839.2018.1474861 https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2018.1474861 Local Environment
  30. Siddiqi, S.M., C. Mingoya-LaFortune, R. Chari, B.L. Preston, G. Gahlon, C.C. Hernandez, A. Huttinger, S.R. Stephenson, and J. Madrigano, 2022: The road to Justice40: Organizer and policymaker perspectives on the historical roots of and solutions for environmental justice inequities in U.S. cities. Environmental Justice. https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2022.0038
  31. Farrell, J., P.B. Burow, K. McConnell, J. Bayham, K. Whyte, and G. Koss, 2021: Effects of land dispossession and forced migration on Indigenous peoples in North America. Science, 374 (6567), 4943. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe4943
  32. Renteria, R., S. Grineski, T. Collins, A. Flores, and S. Trego, 2022: Social disparities in neighborhood heat in the northeast United States. Environmental Research, 203, 111805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111805
  33. Tuholske, C., K. Caylor, C. Funk, A. Verdin, S. Sweeney, K. Grace, P. Peterson, and T. Evans, 2021: Global urban population exposure to extreme heat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118 (41), e2024792118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2024792118
  34. Owens, PL (AHRQ), Barrett ML (ML Barrett, Inc.), McDermott KW (IBM), Emergency Department Visits for Diagnoses Directly Indicating Heat Exposure: Variation Across Counties in the United States, 2016–2020. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. ONLINE. December 8, 2022. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Available: hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/ataglance/findingsataglance.jsp
  35. gov – National Integrated Heat Health Information System https://www.heat.gov/
  36. Matz, C.J., Stieb, D.M. & Brion, O. Urban-rural differences in daily time-activity patterns, occupational activity and housing characteristics. Environ Health 14, 88 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-015-0075-y

Heat and Medications Page References

  1. Westaway, K., Frank, O., Husband, A., McClure, A., Shute, R., Edwards, S., Curtis, J., & Rowett, D. (2015). Medicines can affect thermoregulation and accentuate the risk of dehydration and heat-related illness during hot weather. J Clin Pharm Ther, 40(4), 363-367. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12294 https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12294
  2. Martin-Latry, K., M.P. Goumy, P. Latry, C. Gabinski, B. Bégaud, I. Faure, and H. Verdoux, 2007: Psychotropic drugs use and risk of heat-related hospitalisation. European Psychiatry, 22 (6), 335–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.03.007.
  3. Sommet A1,  Durrieu G, Lapeyre-MestreLapeyre-Mestre M,  Montastruc JL, Association of French PharmacoVigilance Centres, 2012: A comparative study of adverse drug reactions during two heat waves that occurred in France in 2003 and 2006. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 21(3):285-8. doi: 10.1002/pds.2307. Epub 2011 Dec 8. PMID: 22162094. DOI: 1002/pds.2307.
  4. Sommet A, Castot A, Montastruc, 2009: Heat waves and the elderly. Adverse drug events. BMJ, :339:b3146. DOI: 1136/bmj.b3146
  5. 8 Prescription Medications That Don't Mix With Heat (aarp.org)https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/info-2023/medications-heat-intolerance.html
  6. Layton JB, Li W, Yuan J, Gilman JP, Horton DB, Setoguchi S (2020) Heatwaves, medications, and heat-related hospitalization in older Medicare beneficiaries with chronic conditions. PLoS ONE 15(12): e0243665. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243665 DOI: 1371/journal.pone.0243665
  7. Pathak, Neha, "Common medications may increase the dangers of heat waves", Yale Climate Connections, July 26, 2022, https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2022/07/common-medications-may-increase-the-dangers-of-heat-waves/
  8. Benvenga, S., G. Papi, and A. Antonelli, Refractory Hypothyroidism Due to Improper Storage of Levothyroxine Tablets. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2017. 8: p. 155. doi: 3389/fendo.2017.00155
  9. Bongers, K.S., M.S. Salahudeen, and G.M. Peterson, Drug-associated hyperthermia: A longitudinal analysis of hospital presentations. J Clin Pharm Ther, 2020. 45(3): p. 477-487.
  10. Bruning, R.S., et al., Aspirin and clopidogrel alter core temperature and skin blood flow during heat stress. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2013. 45(4): p. 674-82.
  11. Chang, H.H., et al., Associations between short-term ambient temperature exposure and emergency department visits for amphetamine, cocaine, and opioid use in California from 2005 to 2019. Environ Int, 2023. 181: p. 108233.
  12. Chen, Q., et al., Association between ambient temperature and blood pressure and blood pressure regulators: 1831 hypertensive patients followed up for three years. PLoS One, 2013. 8(12): p. e84522.
  13. Cusack, L., C. de Crespigny, and P. Athanasos, Heatwaves and their impact on people with alcohol, drug and mental health conditions: a discussion paper on clinical practice considerations. J Adv Nurs, 2011. 67(4): p. 915-22.
  14. Davies, E.C., et al., Interpreting adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports as hospital patient safety incidents. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2010. 70(1): p. 102-8.
  15. Feinberg, M. (1993). The problems of anticholinergic adverse effects in older patients. Drugs Aging, 3(4), 335-348. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-199303040-00004
  16. Forsdyke, D. R. (2015). Summertime dosage-dependent hypersensitivity to an angiotensin II receptor blocker. BMC Res Notes, 8, 227. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1215-8
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  18. Hall, C., Ha, S., Yen, I. H., & Goldman-Mellor, S. (2021). Risk factors for hyperthermia mortality among emergency department patients. Ann Epidemiol, 64, 90-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.09.009
  19. Herman, L. L., Padala, S. A., Ahmed, I., & Bashir, K. (2024). Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI). In StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28613705
  20. Kalisch Ellett, L. M., Pratt, N. L., Le Blanc, V. T., Westaway, K., & Roughead, E. E. (2016). Increased risk of hospital admission for dehydration or heat-related illness after initiation of medicines: a sequence symmetry analysis. J Clin Pharm Ther, 41(5), 503-507. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12418
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  22. MacFadden, D. R., McGough, S. F., Fisman, D., Santillana, M., & Brownstein, J. S. (2018). Antibiotic Resistance Increases with Local Temperature. Nat Clim Chang, 8(6), 510-514. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0161-6
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  25. Parekh, N., Ali, K., Davies, J. G., & Rajkumar, C. (2019). Do the 2015 Beers Criteria predict medication-related harm in older adults? Analysis from a multicentre prospective study in the United Kingdom. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 28(11), 1464-1469. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.4849
  26. Schols, J. M., De Groot, C. P., van der Cammen, T. J., & Olde Rikkert, M. G. (2009). Preventing and treating dehydration in the elderly during periods of illness and warm weather. J Nutr Health Aging, 13(2), 150-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-009-0023-z
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  28. Wee, J., Tan, X. R., Gunther, S. H., Ihsan, M., Leow, M. K. S., Tan, D. S., Eriksson, J. G., & Lee, J. K. W. (2023). Effects of Medications on Heat Loss Capacity in Chronic Disease Patients: Health Implications Amidst Global Warming. Pharmacol Rev, 75(6), 1140-1166. https://doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev.122.000782
  29. Westphal, S. A., Childs, R. D., Seifert, K. M., Boyle, M. E., Fowke, M., Iniguez, P., & Cook, C. B. (2010). Managing diabetes in the heat: potential issues and concerns. Endocr Pract, 16(3), 506-511. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP09344.RA
  30. Zhang, Y., Ebelt, S. T., Shi, L., Scovronick, N. C., D'Souza, R. R., Steenland, K., & Chang, H. H. (2023). Short-term associations between warm-season ambient temperature and emergency department visits for Alzheimer's disease and related dementia in five US states. Environ Res, 220, 115176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.115176
  31. Martin-Latry, K., M.P. Goumy, P. Latry, C. Gabinski, B. Bégaud, I. Faure, and H. Verdoux, 2007: Psychotropic drugs use and risk of heat-related hospitalisation. European Psychiatry, 22 (6), 335–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.03.007.
  32. Sommet A1,  Durrieu G, Lapeyre-MestreLapeyre-Mestre M,  Montastruc JL, Association of French PharmacoVigilance Centres, 2012: A comparative study of adverse drug reactions during two heat waves that occurred in France in 2003 and 2006. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 21(3):285-8. doi: 10.1002/pds.2307. Epub 2011 Dec 8. PMID: 22162094. DOI: 1002/pds.2307.
  33. Sommet A, Castot A, Montastruc, 2009: Heat waves and the elderly. Adverse drug events. BMJ, :339:b3146. DOI: 1136/bmj.b3146
  34. 8 Prescription Medications That Don't Mix With Heat (aarp.org)https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/info-2023/medications-heat-intolerance.html
  35. Layton JB, Li W, Yuan J, Gilman JP, Horton DB, Setoguchi S (2020) Heatwaves, medications, and heat-related hospitalization in older Medicare beneficiaries with chronic conditions. PLoS ONE 15(12): e0243665. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243665
  36. Pathak, Neha, "Common medications may increase the dangers of heat waves", Yale Climate Connections, July 26, 2022, https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2022/07/common-medications-may-increase-the-dangers-of-heat-waves/
  37. TB MED 507 – Heat Stress Control and Heat Casualty Management | HPRC (hprc-online.org)
  38. 12 Medications That Increase Sun Sensitivity – GoodRx
  39. Extreme heat – information for clinicians (health.vic.gov.au) https://www.health.vic.gov.au/environmental-health/extreme-heat-information-for-clinicians
  40. Tricyclic antidepressants and tetracyclic antidepressants – Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/antidepressants/art-20046983

Asthma References (in addition to background page references)

  1. Expert Panel Working Group of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) administered and coordinated National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee (NAEPPCC); Cloutier MM, Baptist AP, Blake KV, Brooks EG, Bryant-Stephens T, DiMango E, Dixon AE, Elward KS, Hartert T, Krishnan JA, Lemanske RF Jr, Ouellette DR, Pace WD, Schatz M, Skolnik NS, Stout JW, Teach SJ, Umscheid CA, Walsh CG. 2020 Focused Updates to the Asthma Management Guidelines: A Report from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee Expert Panel Working Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Dec;146(6):1217-1270. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.003. Erratum in: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021 Apr;147(4):1528-1530. PMID: 33280709; PMCID: PMC7924476. DOI: 1016/j.jaci.2020.10.003
  2. Gillespie E, Schramm PS, Hsu J, 2022: U.S. public health response to climate change, for allergists-immunologists. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 128(6): 626-628. Published online 2022 Feb 6. doi: 1016/j.anai.2022.02.002.
  3. Susan E. Pacheco, MD,a Guillermo Guidos-Fogelbach, MD, PhD,b Isabella Annesi-Maesano, MD, PhD, DSc,c Ruby Pawankar, MD, PhD,d Gennaro D' Amato, MD,e,f Patricia Latour-Staffeld, MD,g,h Marylin Urrutia-Pereira, MD, PhD,i Matthew J. Kesic, PhD, PA-C,j and Michelle L. Hernandez, MD,k on behalf of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Environmental Exposures and Respiratory Health Committee. Climate change and global issues in allergy and immunology. J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUNOL VOLUME 148, NUMBER 6 (1366-1377). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2021.10.011
  4. Schinasi LH, Kenyon CC, Hubbard RA, Zhao Y, Maltenfort M, Melly SJ, Moore K, Forrest CB, Diez Roux AV, de Roos AJ. Associations between high ambient temperatures and asthma exacerbation among children in Philadelphia, PA: a time series analysis. Occup Environ Med. 2022 May;79(5):326-332. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2021-107823. Epub 2022 Mar 4. PMID: 35246484.
  5. EPA, 2020: Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants (Final Report, Apr 2020). EPA/600/R-20/012. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/isa/recordisplay.cfm?deid=348522
  6. Schnell, J.L. and M.J. Prather, 2017: Co-occurrence of extremes in surface ozone, particulate matter, and temperature over eastern North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114 (11), 2854–2859.
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Pregnancy References

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Cardiovascular Disease References

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